宏觀量子力學隧穿效應以及電路中能量量子化獲得2025年諾貝爾物理學獎

2025年諾貝爾物理學獎得主

（圖片來源：諾獎官網）

北京時間10月7日下午5點45分，瑞典皇家科學院宣布將2025年諾貝爾物理學獎授予：

John Clarke

Michel H. Devoret

John M. Martinis

獲獎理由

2025年諾貝爾物理學獎授予“發現宏觀量子力學隧穿效應以及電路中的能量量子化現象”（for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit）。

他們在芯片上的實驗揭示了量子物理學的實際應用

NOBEL PRIZE

Their experiments on a chip revealed quantum physics in action

A major question in physics is the maximum size of a system that can demonstrate quantum mechanical effects. This year’s Nobel Prize laureates conducted experiments with an electrical circuit in which they demonstrated both quantum mechanical tunnelling and quantised energy levels in a system big enough to be held in the hand.

物理學中的一個主要問題是能夠展示量子力學效應的系統的最大尺寸。今年的諾貝爾獎獲得者在一個電路中進行了實驗，他們在一個足夠大到可以握在手中的系統中展示了量子力學隧道效應和量子化能級。

Quantum mechanics allows a particle to move straight through a barrier, using a process called tunnelling. As soon as large numbers of particles are involved, quantum mechanical effects usually become insignificant. The laureates’ experiments demonstrated that quantum mechanical properties can be made concrete on a macroscopic scale.

In 1984 and 1985,John Clarke, Michel H. DevoretandJohn M. Martinisconducted a series of experiments with an electronic circuit built of superconductors, components that can conduct a current with no electrical resistance. In the circuit, the superconducting components were separated by a thin layer of non-conductive material, a setup known as a Josephson junction. By refining and measuring all the various properties of their circuit, they were able to control and explore the phenomena that arose when they passed a current through it. Together, the charged particles moving through the superconductor comprised a system that behaved as if they were a single particle that filled the entire circuit.

This macroscopic particle-like system is initially in a state in which current flows without any voltage. The system is trapped in this state, as if behind a barrier that it cannot cross. In the experiment the system shows its quantum character by managing to escape the zero-voltage state through tunnelling. The system’s changed state is detected through the appearance of a voltage.

The laureates could also demonstrate that the system behaves in the manner predicted by quantum mechanics – it is quantised, meaning that it only absorbs or emits specific amounts of energy.

“It is wonderful to be able to celebrate the way that century-old quantum mechanics continually offers new surprises. It is also enormously useful, as quantum mechanics is the foundation of all digital technology,” says Olle Eriksson, Chair of the Nobel Committee for Physics.

The transistors in computer microchips are one example of the established quantum technology that surrounds us. This year’s Nobel Prize in Physics has provided opportunities for developing the next generation of quantum technology, including quantum cryptography, quantum computers, and quantum sensors.

獲獎人詳細信息

NOBEL PRIZE

John Clarke, 1942年出生于英國劍橋，1968年獲得英國劍橋大學博士學位，現任美國加州大學伯克利分校教授。

Michel H. Devoret, 1953年出生于法國巴黎。1982年獲得法國巴黎南大學博士學位。現任美國康涅狄格州紐黑文耶魯大學和美國加州大學圣巴巴拉分校教授。

John M. Martinis，約翰·M·馬蒂尼斯，1958年出生。1987年獲得美國加州大學伯克利分校博士學位。美國加州大學圣巴巴拉分校教授。

NOBEL PRIZE

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